Maternal sensitivity and warmth in Singapore: Cultural insights from comparing the Ainsworth and Emotional Availability Scales

The convergence between sensitivity scores on the Ainsworth and Emotional Availability Scales was examined, along with their associations maternal warmth, children's language ability likeability by peers in preschool. Participants were 167 mothers child aged 4–6 (55.7% girls) from four major ethnic groups Singapore (Chinese, Malay, Indian Other). availability (EA) positively related to but overlap not large, pointing key conceptual differences that discussed light of cultural considerations. Contrary expectation, more closely linked warmth than EA was. less pragmatic difficulty better female among preschoolers. findings suggest may have a positive functional value despite prevalence emotional restraint this context.